{"id":91649,"date":"2021-12-27T12:24:23","date_gmt":"2021-12-27T09:24:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gibq-eg.com\/?p=91649"},"modified":"2024-09-17T16:22:45","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T13:22:45","slug":"amphetamine-addiction-causes-signs-diagnosis-and","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gibq-eg.com\/?p=91649","title":{"rendered":"Amphetamine addiction: Causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Amphetamine<\/p>\n

Few studies examined treatments for amphetamine withdrawal, although it is a common problem among amphetamine users. Its symptoms, in particular intense craving, may be a critical factor leading to relapse to amphetamine use. In clinical practice, medications for cocaine withdrawal are commonly used to manage amphetamine withdrawal although the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these two illicit substances are different. Clinical services and policies need to take into account the poor mental health of people who use amphetamines.<\/p>\n

Amphetamine Addiction: Uses, Side Effects, and Treatment<\/h2>\n

The most consistent positive findings have been demonstrated with stimulant agonist treatment (dexamphetamine and methylphenidate), naltrexone and topiramate. Less consistent benefits have been shown with bupropion, the glutamatergic agent, riluzole, and antidepressant mirtazapine, whilst in general, antidepressant medications (e.g. SSRIs, TCAs) have not been effective in reducing AMPH\/MA use. The titles and abstracts of the studies identified by the search strategy were evaluated by two reviewers (KS and LA) independently. Divergent selection of publications was discussed among the investigators until a consensus was obtained, and if required a third reviewer (NE) resolved disputes. Data were managed in Covidence [23] up to the point of data extraction; due to the large variation in outcome measures, data extraction was completed on identical spreadsheets by the two reviewers and compared for consistency.<\/p>\n

How should I take amphetamines?<\/h2>\n

Therefore, optimising therapeutic efficacy whilst simultaneously maintaining side effects at an acceptable level is a difficult balance requiring careful dose titration in the patient. Four studies, involving 125 participants, met the amphetamine addiction<\/a> inclusion criteria for this review (seeCharacteristics of included studies). In total, 59 participants received treatment for amphetamine withdrawal (37 amineptine, 22 mirtazapine) compared to 66 participants who received placebo.<\/p>\n

6. Depression<\/h2>\n
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Much of these stocks got into the \u2018black market\u2019, and in the 1950s d-amphetamine abuse became recognised. In a classic study of that period, Connell from the Institute of Psychiatry reported a group of heavy d-amphetamine users who had become paranoid (Connell, 1966). This flagged up the potential psychiatric dangers of this drug and may have encouraged prescribers away from d-amphetamine and on to methylphenidate. Another factor was the use of d-amphetamine as an antidepressant in the 1950s before the discovery of the tricyclic monoamine reuptake inhibitors.<\/p>\n

\"Amphetamine<\/p>\n